Non-white construction surface

ABSTRACT

Provides a non-white construction surface comprising a substrate, a first reflective coating on at least a portion of an outer surface of the substrate, the coated substrate exhibiting a minimum direct solar reflectance value of at least about 25%, and a second reflective coating on at least a portion of the first reflective coating, wherein the combination of the first reflective coating and the second reflective coating provide the substrate with at least one of (i) a reflectivity of at least about 20% at substantially all points in the wavelength range between 770 and 2500 nm, and (ii) a summed reflectance value of at least 7000 as measured in the range between 770 and 2500 nm inclusive. Also provided are various substrates having the coatings described as well as methods of providing the described construction surfaces.

FIELD

The present invention relates to reflective coatings for enhancing solarreflectivity for use on roofs, such as on asphalt shingles, and otherexterior surfaces.

BACKGROUND

For energy conservation purposes, it has become more desirable toreflect solar energy off of roofs and other exterior surfaces. Absorbedsolar energy increases energy costs in buildings. In addition, indensely populated areas, such as metropolitan areas, the absorption ofsolar energy increases ambient air temperatures. A primary absorber ofsolar energy is building roofs. It is not uncommon for ambient airtemperature in metropolitan areas to be 10° F. or more warmer than insurrounding rural areas. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as theurban heat island effect. Reflecting solar energy rather than absorbingit can reduce cooling costs and thereby energy costs in buildings. Inaddition, reducing solar energy absorption can enhance the quality oflife in densely populated areas by helping to decrease ambient airtemperatures.

Solar energy reflection can be achieved by using metallic ormetal-coated roofing materials. However, because the heat emittance ofmetallic or metal-coating roofing materials is low, such materials donot produce significant gains in energy conservation and reduced costssince such materials restrict radiant heat flow.

Reflection of solar energy can also be accomplished by using white orlight-colored roofs. However, white or light-colored sloped roofs arenot accepted in the marketplace due to aesthetic reasons. Instead,darker roofs are preferred. However, darker roofs by their very naturethrough colored or non-white roofing materials absorb a higher degree ofsolar energy and reflect less.

Non-flat or sloped roofs typically use shingles coated with coloredgranules adhered to the outer surface of the shingles. Such shingles aretypically made of an asphalt base with the granules embedded in theasphalt. The roofing granules are used both for aesthetic reasons and toprotect the underlying base of the shingle. The very nature of suchgranules creates significant surface roughness on the shingle. Solarradiation thereby encounters decreased reflectivity since the radiationis scattered in a multi-scattering manner that leads to increasedabsorption when compared to the same coating placed on a smooth surface.

SUMMARY

The present invention provides a non-white construction surfacecomprising a substrate, a first reflective coating on at least a portionof an outer surface of a substrate, such that the substrate with thisfirst reflective coating exhibits a minimum direct solar reflectancevalue of at least about 25%, and a second reflective coating on at leasta portion of the first reflective coating, wherein the combination ofthe first reflective coating and the second reflective coating providethe substrate with a reflectivity of at least about 20% at substantiallyall points in the wavelength range between 770 and 2500 nm.

In another aspect, the invention provides a non-white constructionsurface comprising a substrate, a first reflective coating on at least aportion of an outer surface of a substrate, such that the substrate withthis first reflective coating exhibits a minimum direct solarreflectance value of at least about 25%, and a second reflective coatingon at least a portion of the first reflective coating, wherein thecombination of the first reflective coating and the second reflectivecoating provide the substrate with a summed reflectance value of atleast about 7,000 as measured in the range between 770 and 2500 nminclusive.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of producing anon-white construction surface comprising applying a first coatingsolution to at least a portion of an outer surface of a substrate,curing the first coating solution to form a first reflective coating toform a coated substrate, the first reflective coating exhibiting aminimum direct solar reflectance value of at least about 25%, applying asecond coating solution over at least a portion of the coated substrate,and curing the second coating solution to form a second reflectivecoating wherein the combination of the first reflective coating and thesecond reflective coating provide at least one of (i) a reflectivity ofat least about 20% at substantially all points in the wavelength rangebetween 770 and 2500 nm, and (ii) a summed reflectance value of at least7000 as measured in the range between 770 and 2500 nm inclusive.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides a non-white constructionsurface comprising an inorganic, non-metallic substrate, a firstreflective coating on at least a portion of an outer surface of thesubstrate, the coated substrate exhibiting a minimum direct solarreflectance value of at least about 25%, and a second reflective coatingon at least a portion of the first reflective coating, wherein thecombination of the first reflective coating and the second reflectivecoating provide the substrate with at least one of (i) a reflectivity ofat least about 20% at substantially all points in the wavelength rangebetween 770 and 2500 nm, and (ii) a summed reflectance value of at least7000 as measured in the range between 770 and 2500 nm inclusive.

It is an advantage of the present invention in one aspect to provideconstruction substrates having solar energy reflecting properties.Examples of construction substrates include roofing shingles and tiles.Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from thefollowing detailed description of the invention and the claims. Theabove summary is not intended to describe each illustrated embodiment orevery implementation of the present disclosure. The description thatfollows more particularly describes and exemplifies certain preferredembodiments using the principles disclosed herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 shows a roofing granule comprising a substrate, a first coating,and a second coating according to one embodiment of the presentinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPITION

The present invention includes a non-white construction surfacecomprising a coated substrate such as granules for use in roofing thathave enhanced solar reflectivity relative to conventional roofinggranules. The enhanced reflectivity is obtained by first providing areflective primary or undercoating to the substrate granules and thenproviding a secondary coating over the undercoating with the secondarycoating containing a non-white pigment. In some embodiments, the pigmentmay have enhanced reflectivity in the near-infrared (NIR) (700-2500 nm)portion of the solar spectrum. In some embodiments, the substrate isinorganic and non-metallic. Although roofing granules will be referredto throughout the description, the undercoating and outer coating may beplaced on other construction surfaces such as glass, tile such as clayor concrete tile, roof substances, concrete, rock, which materials canbe, but need not be, in granular form.

It has been discovered that roofing granules consisting of a basemineral coated with a reflective primary or undercoat and a secondary orouter coating containing non-white pigments exhibit enhanced solarreflectivity with respect to granules of similar visible color having asingle coating. In some embodiments the resulting reflectivity exceedsat least 20% at the wavelengths of interest. Solar reflectivity valuesof at least 25% meet the present solar reflectivity standard set forthby the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the programentitled “Energy Star”. The phrase solar reflectivity and direct solarreflectance are used interchangeably in the present application. The EPApermits manufacturers to use the designation “Energy Star” for thoseroofing products that meet certain energy specifications. This “EnergyStar” designation is a desirable designation to place on roofingproducts. In some embodiments, the present invention employs coloredpigments that exhibit enhanced reflectivity in the NIR portion of thesolar spectrum as compared to previous colorants. The NIR comprisesapproximately 50-60% of the sun's incident energy. Improved reflectivityin the NIR portion of the solar spectrum leads to significant gains inenergy efficiency and such pigments are useful in some embodiments ofthe present invention.

By direct solar reflectance is meant that fraction reflected of theincident solar radiation received on a surface perpendicular to the axisof the radiation within the wavelength range of 300 to 2500 nm ascomputed according to a modification of the ordinate procedure definedin ASTM Method G159. A spreadsheet, available upon request from LawrenceBerkley Laboratory, Berkley, Calif., combining the direct andhemispherical Solar Irradiance Air Mass 1.5 data from ASTM method G159was used to compute interpolated irradiance data at 5 nm intervals inthe region of interest. The 5 nm interval data was used to createweighting factors by dividing the individual irradiances by the totalsummed irradiance from 300 to 2500 nm. The weighting factors were thenmultiplied by the experimental reflectance data taken at 5 nm intervalsto obtain the direct solar reflectance at those wavelengths.

By summed reflectance value is meant the sum of the numerical value ofthe discrete percentage reflectance measured at 5 nm intervals in therange between 770 and 2500 nm inclusive.

CIELAB is the second of two systems adopted by CIE in 1976 as modelsthat better showed uniform color spacing in their values. CIELAB is anopponent color system based on the earlier (1942) system of RichardHunter called L, a, b. Color opposition correlates with discoveries inthe mid-1960s that somewhere between the optical nerve and the brain,retinal color stimuli are translated into distinctions between light anddark, red and green, and blue and yellow. CIELAB indicates these valueswith three axes: L*, a*, and b*. (The full nomenclature is 1976 CIEL*a*b* Space.) The central vertical axis represents lightness (signifiedas L*) whose values run from 0 (black) to 100 (white). The color axesare based on the fact that a color cannot be both red and green, or bothblue and yellow, because these colors oppose each other. On each axisthe values run from positive to negative. On the a-a′ axis, positivevalues indicate amounts of red while negative values indicate amounts ofgreen. On the b-b′ axis, yellow is positive and blue is negative. Forboth axes, zero is neutral gray.

For the purposes of this application, articles having a color fallingwithin the inverted conical volume defined by the equation:−(L*)+[((L ₀*)+(y(a*)^2+z(b*)^2)^0.5)/x]≦0where L₀*=67, x=1.05, y=1.0, z=1.0 and the values, L*, a*, and b*, aredefined on the CIE L*a*b* scale are said to be white and articles havinga color falling outside the cone are said to be non-white.

Values of the color space corresponding to white fall within the coneclose to the vertical L* axis, are not strongly colored as indicated bytheir small displacements along either or both of the a* and b* axes,and have a relatively high degree of lightness as indicated by an L*greater than L₀*. L₀* is the vertex of the cone.

Referring now to FIG. 1, a non-white construction surface is shown inthe embodiment of a solar-reflective roofing granule (1). A firstreflective coating (3) is applied over at least a portion of the surfaceof substrate (2), which in this embodiment is a base roofing granule. Asecond reflective coating (4) is applied over at least a portion offirst reflective coating (3). Although the coatings are preferablycontinuous in most embodiments of the invention, incidental voids ineither coating or in both coatings are acceptable in some aspects, suchas when the overall coated construction surface possesses the necessaryreflective properties. Additional layers also may be used.

In one aspect of the invention, the preferred pigment for use as theundercoating (or primary coating) is titanium dioxide (TiO₂). Othersuitable pigments for the undercoating include V-9415 and V-9416 (FerroCorp., Cleveland, Ohio) and Yellow 195 (the Shepherd Color Company,Cincinnati, Ohio), all of which are considered yellow pigments. Theprimary undercoating can be any color such that the resulting layerexhibits a minimum direct solar reflectance of at least about 25%.

In some embodiments, the secondary or outermost coating includes thosepigments having enhanced NIR reflectivity. Suitable pigments for thiscoating include those described above, as well as: “10415 GoldenYellow”, “10411 Golden Yellow”, “10364 Brown”, “10201 Eclipse Black”,“V-780 IR BRN Black”, “10241 Forest Green”, “V-9248 Blue”, “V-9250Bright Blue”, “F-5686 Turquoise”, “10202 Eclipse Black”, “V-13810 Red”,“V-12600 IR Cobalt Green”, “V-12650 Hi IR Green”, “V-778 IR Brn Black”,“V-799 Black”, and “10203 Eclipse Blue Black” (from Ferro Corp.); andYellow 193, Brown 156, Brown 8, Brown 157, Green 187B, Green 223, Blue424, Black 411, Black 10C909 (from Shepherd Color Co.). These pigmentsalso are useful in the undercoating.

The resulting coated granule of the present invention is non-white incolor. A white granule which would have acceptable solar reflectivity isnot, however widely acceptable to the marketplace.

The process for coating the granules of the present invention isgenerally described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,238,794 and 5,411,803, hereinincorporated by reference. The substrate used for the granules of thepresent invention is inorganic. The inorganic substrate may be selectedfrom any one of a wide class of rocks, minerals or recycled materials.Examples of rocks and minerals include basalt, diabase, gabbro,argillite, rhyolite, dacite, latite, andesite, greenstone, granite,silica sand, slate, nepheline syenite, quartz, or slag (recycledmaterial).

Preferably, the inorganic material is crushed to a particle size havinga diameter in the range of about 300 micrometers (μm) to about 1800 μm.

The coatings used to supply the pigments in both the under or primarycoating, and the secondary or outer coating can have essentially thesame constituents except for the pigment. The coatings are formed froman aqueous slurry of pigment, alkali metal silicate, an aluminosilicate,and an optional borate compound. The alkali metal silicate and thealuminosilicate act as an inorganic binder and are a major constituentof the coating. As a major constituent, this material is present at anamount greater than any other component and in some embodiments presentat an amount of at least about 50 volume percent of the coating. Thecoatings from this slurry are generally considered ceramic in nature.

Aqueous sodium silicate is the preferred alkali metal silicate due toits availability and economy, although equivalent materials such aspotassium silicate may also be substituted wholly or partiallytherefore. The alkali metal silicate may be designated as M₂O:SiO₂,where M represents an alkali metal such as sodium (Na), potassium (K),mixture of sodium and potassium, and the like. The weight ratio of SiO₂to M₂O preferably ranges from about 1.4:1 to about 3.75:1. In someembodiments, ratios of about 2.75:1 and about 3.22:1 are particularlypreferred, depending on the color of the granular material to beproduced, the former preferred when light colored granules are produced,while the latter is preferred when dark colored granules are desired.

The aluminosilicate used is preferably a clay having the formulaAl₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄. Another preferred aluminosilicate is kaolin,Al₂O₃.2SiO₂.2H₂O, and its derivatives formed either by weathering(kaolinite), by moderate heating (dickite), or by hypogene processes(nakrite). The particle size of the clay is not critical to theinvention; however, it is preferred that the clay contain not more thanabout 0.5 percent coarse particles (particles greater than about 0.002millimeters in diameter). Other commercially available and usefulaluminosilicate clays for use in the ceramic coating of the granules inthe present invention are the aluminosilicates known under the tradedesignations “Dover” from Grace Davison, Columbia, Md. and “Sno-brite”from Unimin Corporation, New Canaan, CT.

The borate compound, when incorporated, is present at a level of atleast about 0.5 g per kg of substrate granules but preferably not morethan about 3 g per kg of substrate granules. The preferred boratecompound is sodium borate available as Borax® (U.S. Borax Inc.,Valencia, Calif.); however, other borates may be used, such as zincborate, sodium fluoroborate, sodium tetraborate-pentahydrate, sodiumperborate-tetrahydrate, calcium metaborate-hexahydrate, potassiumpentaborate, potassium tetraborate, and mixtures thereof. An alternativeborate compound is sodium borosilicate obtained by heating wasteborosilicate glass to a temperature sufficient to dehydrate the glass.

Inorganic substrate granules, preheated to a temperature range of about125-140° C. in a rotary kiln or by equivalent means, are then coatedwith the slurry to form a plurality of slurry-coated inorganic granules.The water flashes off and the temperature of the granules drops to arange of about 50-70° C. The slurry-coated granules are then heated fora time and at a temperature sufficient to form a plurality ofceramic-coated inorganic granules. Typically and preferably theslurry-coated granules are heated at a temperature of about 400° C. toabout 530° C. for a time ranging from about 1 to about 10 minutes. Thoseskilled in the art will recognize that shorter times may be used athigher temperatures. The heat typically and preferably emanates from thecombustion of a fuel, such as a hydrocarbon gas or oil. The desiredcolor of the granules may be influenced somewhat by the combustionconditions (time, temperature, % oxygen the combustion gases, and thelike).

The second or outer coating is then applied in a similar fashion.

Bituminous sheet materials such as roofing shingles may be producedusing the granules of the invention. Roofing shingles typically comprisematerials such as felt, fiberglass, and the like. Application of asaturate or impregnant such as asphalt is essential to entirely permeatethe felt or fiberglass base. Typically, applied over the impregnatedbase is a waterproof or water-resistant coating, such as asphaltum, uponwhich is then applied a surfacing of mineral granules, which completesthe conventional roofing shingle.

The following examples are provided to further illustrate aspects of theinvention. The examples are not intended to limit the scope of thisinvention in anyway.

EXAMPLES

Materials

The following materials are used in the Examples:

-   Sodium silicate solution (39.4% solids, 2.75 ratio SiO₂ to Na₂O)    available from PQ Corp., Valley Forge, Pa.-   Kaolin clay (available as Snobrite ™ from Unimin Corporation, New    Canaan, CT., typical composition: 45.5% SiO₂ , 38.0% Al₂O₃ , 1.65%    TiO₂ and small amounts of Fe₂O₃, CaO, MgO, K₂O and Na₂O).-   Borax (Sodium Borate, 5 Mol, typical composition: 21.7% Na₂O, 48.8%    B₂O₃, and 29.5% H₂O) available from U.S. Borax, Boron, Calif.-   Titanium dioxide (Tronox® CR-800, typical composition: 95% TiO₂,    alumina treated) available from the Kerr-McGee Corporation,    Hamilton, Miss.-   Pigments (10411 Golden Yellow, 10241 Forest Green, V-3810 Red,    V-9250 Bright Blue) available from Ferro Corporation, Cleveland,    Ohio.-   Grade #11 uncoated roofing granules (quartz lattite/dacite porphyry)    (available from 3M Company, St. Paul, Minn.) specified by the    following ranges (as per ASTM D451):

TABLE 1 Nominal % Retained U.S. Sieve No. Opening Minimum Maximum TargetTypical 8  2.36 mm 0 0.1 — — 12  1.70 mm 4 10 8 — 16  1.18 mm 30.0*45.0* — 37.5 20   850 μm 25.0* 35.0* — 30 30   600 μm 15.0* 25.0* — 2040   425 μm 2.0* 9.0* — 5.5 −40 −425 μm 0 2 1 — *Typical RangeTest Method 1

Reflectance measurements were made with a Perkin Elmer Lambda 900Spectrophotometer fitted with a PELA-1000 integrating sphere accessory.This sphere is 150 mm (6 inches) in diameter and complies with ASTMmethods E903, D1003, and E308 as published in “ASTM Standards on Colorand Appearance Measurement,” Third Ed., ASTM, 1991. Diffuse LuminousReflectance (DLR) was measured over the spectral range of 250-2500 nm.UV-visible integration was set at 0.44 seconds. Slit width was 4 nm. A“trap” was utilized to eliminate complications arising from specularreflectance.

Measurements were all made with a clean and optically flat fused silica(quartz) plate in front of the sample or in front of a standard whiteplate. A cup having a diameter of about 50 mm and a depth of about 10 mmwas filled with the granules to be characterized.

Test Method 2

L*a*b* color measurements were made using a Labscan XE spectrophotometer(Hunter Associates Laboratory, Reston, Va.) fitted with a sample holderand using a traversing roller to ensure that a uniformly level surfacewas prepared for measurement. The holder was filled to a depth of about5 mm to ensure that the measured values were attributable to thegranules. For a more detailed description of the sample holder andsample preparation refer to U.S. Pat. No. 4,582,425, which is hereinincorporated by reference.

Granule Coating Method

The slurry components indicated in Table 2 were combined in a verticalmixer. 1000 parts by weight of substrate were pre-heated to 90-95° C.and then combined with the indicated amount of slurry in a vertical orhorizontal mixer. Example 1 used Grade #11 uncoated roofing granules asthe substrate. Examples 2-4 used granules produced as in example 1 asthe substrate. The slurry coated granules were then fired in a rotarykiln (natural gas/oxygen flame) reaching the indicated temperature overa period of about 10 minutes. Following firing, the granules wereallowed to cool to room temperature.

Examples 1-4

Examples 1-4 were produced by Granule Coating Method 1 and testedaccording to Test Methods 1 and 2. The results are summarized in Table3.

TABLE 2 The amounts listed are in parts by weight unless otherwiseindicated. Example 1 2 3 4 Kaolin clay 22.5 15 20 20 Sodium silicatesolution 65 34 40 40 Water 15 15 15 15 CR 800 titanium dioxide 8.75 — 30.8 10241 Forest Green — 14 — 1.6 10411 Golden Yellow — 1.2 4 — V-13810Red — — 0.2 — V-9250 Bright Blue — — — 0.6 Borax 3 1 1 — Slurry PartsPer 1000 57.1 40.1 41.6 39.0 Final Firing Temperature 470° C. 460° C.460° C. 460° C.

TABLE 3 Example 1 2 3 4 Direct Solar Reflectance (%) 30 27 34 30 L*68.75 55.90 64.40 62.63 a* −0.46 −8.62 5.96 −5.32 b* 1.27 12.45 26.062.29 Minimum Reflectivity 20.53% 29.07% 23.83% 20.21% (770-2500 nm)Summed Reflectance Value 8560 12078 10659 9686

Although the present invention has been described with reference topreferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize thatchanges may be made in form and detail without departing from the spiritand scope of the invention.

1. A non-white roofing shingle granule comprising: a substratecomprising a granule; a first white reflective coating on at least aportion of an outer surface of the substrate, the coated substrateexhibiting a minimum direct solar reflectance value of at least about25%, the first white reflective coating comprising at least 50 vol % ofan inorganic binder; and a second reflective coating comprising acolored pigment having enhanced NIR reflectivity on at least a portionof the first white reflective coating, wherein the combination of thefirst white reflective coating and the second reflective coating providethe substrate with a reflectivity of at least about 20% at substantiallyall points in the wavelength range between 770 and 2500 nm; wherein thesecond reflective coating has a non-metallic appearance.
 2. Thenon-white roofing shingle granule of claim 1 wherein the secondreflective coating has an inorganic binder.
 3. A non-white roofingshingle granule comprising: a substrate comprising a granule; a firstwhite reflective coating on at least a portion of an outer surface ofthe substrate, the coating substrate exhibiting a minimum direct solarreflectance value of at least about 25%, the first white reflectivecoating comprising at least 50 vol % of an inorganic binder; and asecond reflective coating comprising a colored pigment having enhancedNIR reflectivity on at least a portion of the first white reflectivecoating, wherein the combination of the first white reflective coatingand the second reflective coating provide the substrate with a summedreflectance value of at least about 7,000 as measured in the rangebetween 770 and 2500 nm inclusive; wherein the second reflective coatinghas a non-metallic appearance.
 4. The non-white roofing shingle granuleof claim 3 wherein the second reflective coating comprises an inorganicbinder.
 5. A method of producing a non-white roofing shingle granulesurface comprising: applying a first coating solution to at least aportion of an outer surface of a substrate comprising a granule; curingthe first coating solution to form a first white reflective coating toform a coated substrate, the first white reflective coating exhibiting aminimum direct solar reflectance value of at least about 25, % and thefirst white reflective coating comprising at least 50 vol % of aninorganic binder; applying a second coating solution comprising acolored pigment having enhanced NIR reflectivity over at least a portionof the coated substrate; and curing the second coating solution to formsecond reflective coating wherein the combination of the first whitereflective coating and the second reflective coating provide at leastone of (i) a reflectivity of at least about 20 % at substantially allpoints in the wavelength range between 770 and 2500 nm, and (ii) asummed reflectance value of at least 7000 as measured in the rangebetween 770 and 2500 nm inclusive; wherein the second reflective coatinghas a non-metallic appearance.
 6. A non-white roofing shingle granulecomprising: an inorganic, non-metallic substrate comprising a granule; afirst white reflective coating on at least a portion of an outer surfaceof the substrate, the coated substrate exhibiting a minimum direct solarreflectance value of at least about 25%, the first white reflectivecoating comprising at least 50 vol % of an inorganic binder; and asecond reflective coating comprising a colored pigment having enhancedNIR reflectivity on at least a portion of the first reflective coating,wherein the combination of the first white reflective coating and thesecond reflective coating provide the substrate with at least one of (i)a reflectivity of at least about 20 % at substantially all points in thewavelength range between 770 and 2500 nm, and (ii) a summed reflectancevalue of at least 7000 as measured in the range between 770 and 2500 nminclusive; wherein the second reflective coating has a non-metallicappearance.
 7. The non-white roofing shingle granule of claim 6 whereinthe second reflective coating has an inorganic binder.
 8. The non-whiteroofing shingle granule of claim 1 wherein the colored pigment havingenhanced NIR reflectivity is selected from the group consisting of ablack colored pigment, a brown colored pigment, a green colored pigment,and combinations thereof.
 9. The non-white roofing shingle granule ofclaim 1 wherein the colored pigment having enhanced NIR reflectivity isselected from the group consisting of a yellow colored pigment, a bluecolored pigment, a red colored pigment, and combinations thereof. 10.The non-white roofing shingle granule of claim 3 wherein the coloredpigment having enhanced NIR reflectivity is selected from the groupconsisting of a black colored pigment, a brown colored pigment, andcombinations thereof.
 11. The non-white roofing shingle granule of claim3 wherein the colored pigment having enhanced NIR reflectivity isselected from the group consisting of a yellow colored pigment, a bluecolored pigment, a red colored pigment, a green colored pigment, andcombinations thereof.
 12. The method of claim 5, wherein the applying asecond coating solution step comprises applying a second coatingsolution over at least a portion of the coated substrate, the secondcoating solution comprising a colored pigment having enhanced NIRreflectivity selected from the group consisting of a black coloredpigment, a brown colored pigment, a red colored pigment, andcombinations thereof.
 13. The method of claim 5, wherein the applying asecond coating solution step comprises applying a second coatingsolution over at least a portion of the coated substrate, the secondcoating solution comprising a colored pigment having enhanced NIRreflectivity selected from the group consisting of a blue coloredpigment, a yellow colored pigment, a green colored pigment, andcombinations thereof.